NY Times Paywall Essay

However the long-term prospects of paywalls remained uncertain. The subscriber growth was slowing down, and many of the paid subscribers of The Times were enticed by the introductory offer of 99 cents for a 4-week subscription. A previous experiment with a paywall, TimesSelect, was abandoned in 2007 after The Times secured 227,000 paying customers. Was the paywall a good idea for the long-term? Would it provide a foundation for a sustainable business model as The Times approached an ever-evolving technology and media landscape? Company Background The New York Times Company was a leading global multimedia news and information company with 2011 revenues of $2. 3 billion and an operating profit of $57 million, and operated The New York Times, the International Herald Tribune, The Boston Globe, and About. com. (See Exhibit 1 for company structure, Exhibit 2 for business units and their revenues, and Exhibit 3 for company financials. ) The company defined its core purpose as â€Å"enhance[ing] society by creating, collecting and distributing high quality news, information and entertainment. †7 The New York Times, the flagship daily newspaper of the company, was founded on September 18, 1851, by journalist and politician Henry Jarvis Raymond, and former banker George Jones. By 2011, the newspaper had won 106 Pulitzer Prizes, the most of any news organization. Reflecting on The Times’s importance, Michael Hirschorn, the contributing editor of the Atlantic, remarked: The Times still, I think to a remarkable degree, does set the agenda. You really can trace almost any major story these days to something that originally appeared in The Times. The problem is that once it reaches the public, they may not even know it came from The Times. 8 In spite of its prize-winning journalism, The Times was facing significant pressures. Its subscription and revenues had steadily declined over the years (see Exhibits 3 and 4). Its advertising revenues in 2011 were down by over 6% compared with 2010 ad revenues, and in spite of cost cutting, the operating profit in 2011 was 76% less than the previous year. In January 2012, the company sold its Regional Media Group consisting of 16 regional newspapers for $143 million in cash. 9 2 This document is authorized for use only by Karen Lao in Marketing Management taught by A. Prasad from August 2013 to December 2013. For the exclusive use of K. LAO The New York Times Paywall 512-077 The Newspaper Industry The New York Times was not alone in feeling this pressure—the entire newspaper industry was facing significant challenges. Overall circulation in the industry for both weekday and weekend newspapers was declining (Exhibit 5). Traditional sources of newspaper revenues—subscription, retail, and classified advertising—were also declining (Exhibit 6). In contrast, most of the costs for editorial staff, production, and distribution were fixed and had very little room for reduction. Table A shows the revenue and cost structure of a typical U. S. newspaper.

Burial at Thebes

Mia Britton Mrs. Baker DRA 110 4 March 2013 The Burial at Thebes The play Burial at Thebes is a modern translation of Antigone by Sophocles and Seamus Heaney is credited for this recent translation. The plot structure used in Heaney’s work can be described as episodic. This play stands out as episodic because of its early point of attack. For example, at the start of the opening scene Antigone approaches her sister Ismene with news that King Creon has issued a proclamation that their brothers body should not receive a proper burial, and that anyone trying to bury him will be stoned to death.She intends to resist the law and bury Polynecies but, Ismene refuses to assist Antigone. Therefore, Antigone disowns Ismene and pledges never to accept her aid. Another example of episodic play structure in The Burial at Thebes when Eurydice hears from the messengers the death of her son she leaves in silence and King Creon returns with his dead son Haemon in his arms. The messengers appro ach King Creon with grievous news that his wife Eurydice has taken her life. These examples prove that Seamus Heaney’s work is episodic because after one incident another incident approaches.The protagonist can be defined as the central character in a play or the person who the story is about and experiences the most changes. In Seamus Heaney’s play there are two possible protagonists Antigone and Ismene. Antigone can be considered a protagonist because the play revolves around her rebelling against the King and his resolution to not bury her brother’s body. Another protagonist is Ismene because during the opening scene she tells Antigone that she will not assist her in burying her brother.As the course of the play continues Ismene realizes what is right and defends her sister against King Creon by saying that she will die along with her sister. Ismene also tries to convince King Creon to not take her sisters life by asking him whether he would kill the bride of his son since Haemon is meant to marry Antigone. Ismene’s attitude changes from a noble citizen to that of a martyr. An antagonist can be defined as a person who is opposed to the protagonist or the goal of the protagonist. In Burial atThebes King Creon appears to be the antagonist because he is against burying or awarding any ceremonial rights to Antigone and Ismenes brother. As the play begins King Creon tells the elders of Thebes that anyone who awards a proper burial for Polyneices would be put to death. When King Creon finds about Antigone’s actions he declares that both sisters will be put to death. Antigone explains that she knew of his decree and she only answers to Zeus, the gods didn't lay down these laws for manipulation, and that she will endure the god's judgment for the burial.King Creon decides that he doesn’t want the blood of Antigone on his hand so he believes the best way to take her life is by burying her under rocks with food. These acts ma de by King Creon are evidence that he is the antagonist in the play Burial at Thebes. The play Burial at Thebes was intended to teach and educate its audience on societies and politics. Seamus Heaney displays a powerful King that doesn’t take advice from anyone. A few examples of King Creon not heeding to advice is first seen when his son Haemon tries to urge him to be open to both opinions.He dismisses his son calling him a woman slave. Even the elders’ question King Creon’s by stating that he should listen to his son’s request. Creon becomes irritated and questions the elders whether they should be taught by a young boy. King Creon was also approached by Teirasis and says, â€Å"The gods do not take the prayers or sacrifices of the Thebans, and the birds' cries are muffled because the birds' throats are glutted with the blood of Polyneices†. Teiresias explains the significance of taking counsel, and says that a man who makes a mistake and then co rrects it brings no shame on himself.King Creon once again does not heed to wise counsel and believes that just because he has authoritative power that he doesn’t require counsel. Seamus Heaney also exhibits bravery in his characters in which his audience members can learn from. For example, not only did Antigone represent bravery, but Haemon exemplified Bravery by standing up to his father. These acts of bravery appeared small at the beginning, but towards the end of the play they actually made a difference. All in all, these examples proved that Seamus Heaney’s work is educational and displayed politics.

The Bases Of Credit Risk In Banks Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2771 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? According to European Central Bank, credit risk is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the risk that a counterparty will not settle the full value of an obligation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" neither when it becomes due, nor at any time thereafterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?; similarly, credit risk is the risk that a borrower will not meet its obligations according to agreed terms (Basel, Jul 1999). As Greuning, H.V and Bratanovic, S.B (2003) pointed out, bank failures mostly generated from credit risk due to the fact that more than 80% of the balance sheet of a bank commonly has the relation to this kind of risk. Therefore, a good management of credit risk is vital for the operation of a bank. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Bases Of Credit Risk In Banks Finance Essay" essay for you Create order 3.1.2 Credit Risk Exposures in Banks According to Basel (Jul 1999), making loans is still the activity where credit risk rises from mostly. Additionally, along with financial innovation creating new financial instruments like: acceptances, interbank transactions, guarantees and acceptance (Basel, Jul 1999). Hence, this paper will discuss credit exposure of banks existing in these activities. Loan According to Gregoriou and Hoppe (2008), bank loans are categorised as commercial real estate (CRE), commercial and industrial (CI) loans and consumer loans. Frumkin (2005) stated that CI are loans made by commercial banks, representing loans outstanding; moreover, CI can be made from a few weeks to several years and this kind of loans are sources of capital for production. (Saunders and Cornett, 2006). Beside this, CRE are primarily mortgage loans; in terms of size, price and maturity, CRE is different to CI. Moreover, consumer loans made by lenders like banks and other financia l institutions create the only income is interest payment (Gregoriou and Hoppe, 2008). Undoubtedly, when making loans, the risk that banks concern mostly is credit risk. Due to many causes, bank borrowers may fail to repay their debts, possibly leading to bankruptcy (Gregoriou and Hoppe, 2008). Guarantees and Acceptances As the Basel Committee defined (1986), Guarantee is the commitment of a bank to help a third party complete its obligations if the third party cannot do it, while Acceptances is a bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obligation to pay on maturity the nominal value of a exchangeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bill. Guarantees and Acceptances are considered as loans to ultimate borrowers; hence, they are also considerable sources of credit risk of banks (Basel, 1986). Interbank transaction According to Interbank Liability of US Department of Treasury, interbank transactions like swaps and foreign exchange contracts create exposure to banks that act as counterparties in such tra nsactions. This exposure may include settlement risk possibly coming from transactions related to the government securities or foreign exchange that a counterparty will fail to fulfil a payment as agreed terms. As a result, banks also need to pay attention to this kind of credit risk source. 3.2 PRINCIPLES OF CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT IN BANKS 3.2.1 Purposes of Credit Risk Management As other businesses, the target of a bank is also maximising its profit; hence, the purpose of credit risk management in each bank is to diminish losses caused by credit risk but reach the maximum profit. This is the optimal combination between risk and profit. In other words, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the intent of a banks risk management processes is to avoid having an unacceptable number of credits that go into insolvency, workout, restructuring, etc. and then to minimise the actual lossesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?  [1]  . According to Basel (Jul 1999), the purpose of credit risk management is to maximise a bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s return by controling credit risk exposure within acceptable levels. 3.2.2 Principles of Credit risk Management Coping with credit risk management, each bank has its own strategies and policies; however, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision establishes common standards on this issue. This paper will base on these criteria to depict crucial factors needed for a good framework credit management. According to Basel (Jul 1999), principles of credit risk management of banks should satisfy the following five criteria: Establishing an Appropriate Credit Risk Environment This standard requires each bank to set up its own conception, strategies and policies as well as organisations for credit risk management. Firstly, the board of directors should approve the acceptable level of the combination between credit risk and profitability. Then, managers- responsible for credit risk management should base on the approved strategies to carry out policies and implem ents for all activities and products of the bank. Operating under a Sound Credit Granting Process Having deep knowledge about their borrowers or counterparties as well as the structure of the credit and the ability of repayments is crucial for banks in determining the credit limit of each individual borrower or groups of counterparties. Thus in order to do that, banks need to build appropriate credit granting processes. The determining of the credit limit must been available for both circumstances of granting credit for new credit and extensions of existing credit. Maintaining an Appropriate Credit Administration, Measurement and Monitoring Process These processes must be applied for credit- bearing portfolios, monitoring the overall component of these portfolios. Additionally, banks should develop internal credit rating systems which need to fit the size, structure, activities of them. An internal credit rating system is an indicator of the risk in an individual credit in indentified by banks (Frenkel, Hommel, Dufey and Rudoff, 2005). This system should be applied at the beginning of the lending and updated regularly (Monetary Authority of Singapore, 2006). However, the Basel Committee make a suggestion that the framework of administration, measurement and monitoring of credit risk should estimate credit risk exposures in possible changes and stressful conditions. Ensuring Adequate Controls over Credit risk Banks need to establish a credit review system that board of directors need to be informed about reports and assessments of such credit review system regularly and directly. Banks must make sure that the credit risk exposures are within the approved level. Moreover, once weaknesses or problem credits appeared, bank should be ready to manage them. 3.3 CREDIT RISK MEASUREMENT Jickling (2010) argued that one of the causes resulting to the current financial crisis is the weakness of risk management systems including credit risk measurem ent. As Colquitt (2007) pointed out, credit risk measurement plays a vital role in the framework of credit risk management, becoming a major agenda at financial institutions over the past few years. There may be two main reasons leading to this role of credit risk measurement. Firstly, the increasingly complex financial risks cause large losses; hence, they need to be managed by quantifying and measuring the potential risk exposures. The second reason is that credit risk is intimately related to other risks like market and operational risks; as a result, to manage properly these integrated risks need a systematic process that can measure the loss exposures in all activities. The dissertation will analyse three methods for credit risk measurement of banks, including: credit risk rating, credit risk scoring and credit risk modelling. 3.3.1 Credit Risk Rating Credit rating systems are tools to assess creditworthiness, estimate default probability according to rating categories an d they are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“at the heart of credit risk management in that they provide a road map to entire credit processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Colquitt, 2007, p 318). Moreover, according to OCC (2001), credit risk rating systems may enhance safety and soundness, monitoring changes and trends in credit risk levels, helping banks reach optimal returns. Chen (2003) argued that there are three types of credit rating systems helping lenders rate creditworthiness of borrowers or counterparties, such as: bank internal rating systems, external rating agencies and external credit agencies. Bank Internal Rating Systems It is mentioned by Basel (Jan 2000) that internal ratings, based on quantitative and qualitative information, show an evaluation of the risk of loss due to the counterpartyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s default. Internal credit rating systems are used for many purposes like determining problem loans, analysing to support loan loss reserving, being an element of credit portfolio monitoring and management, capital allocation, etc (Federal Reserve Board, Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation, 1998). In other words, a robust internal credit rating system is crucial in credit risk management processes, contributing to banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ safety, soundness and success. External Rating Agencies External rating agencies are provided by public credit rating companies like Moodys Investors Service, Standard Poors and Fitch. Like bank internal rating systems, these rating agencies offer consistent credit scores, information and credit risk indicators to banks about the prospective creditworthiness of borrowers or obligors. Along with bank internal ratings, lenders rely on assessments of rating agencies in the hope of avoiding bias estimations existing in internal credit rating systems (Colquitt, 2007). On the other hand, users of analyses from external rating agencies should consider some negative features of them. Firstly, there is a conflict of interest as a result of the fact that external rating agencies are paid by organisations or companies they assess rather than by the user of ratings information. Secondly, external rating agencies have been criticised because of being too slow to adjust ratings when breakdowns happen  [2]  . The case of Thai Bahtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s downgrade can serve a stark example of this argument. In July 1997, Thai baht plunged in value as the result of the Asian financial crisis; however, both Moodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and Standard Poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s did not downgrade Thailandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s long- term until October 1997. External Credit Agencies According to Chen (2003), the third type of rating systems, external credit agencies is less well- known, providing information of borrowers in the score value form rather than rating information. In terms of the availability of borrowers- evaluating information, this type of rating system possibly outperform both of the bank internal ratin g systems and the external rating agencies because a large range of firms in different industries an regions are covered by external credit agencies (Chen, 2003). 3.3.3 Credit Scoring Systems Another tool for enhancing lenders in making decisions related to risk management is the credit scoring system. Banks use credit scoring as a method of estimating credit risk of loan applications. Analysing historical data related to borrowers and loan applicants such as the applicantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s monthly income, debt, financial assets, whether the applicant has defaulted or been delinquent on a loan, the credit scoring system creates a result used to classify loan applicants or borrowers (Mester, 1997) . Mester (1997, p2) also argued that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a well-designed model should give a higher percentage of high scores to borrowers whose loans will perform well and a higher percentage of low scores to borrowers whose loans will not perform wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. As Thomas, Edelman and Crook (2002) pointed out, the main role of credit scoring system is to decide who will get credit and how much credit they should get; however, one of the long- term limitations of the credit scoring system is that there exist borrowers who can get credit from all lenders and those who cannot get from at least one lender. 3.3.4 Credit Risk Models As Basel (Apr 1999) mentioned, credit risk models play an increasingly vital role in many banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ activities, including risk management and performance measurement. There are two main roles of credit risk models. The first role is to analyse single counterparty or transaction in the portfolio, estimating the creditworthiness of the counterparty related to the structure of the transaction. Another one is to assess the entire transactions and counterparties to decide whether the portfolio fits into the risk profile of the bank (Frenkeel, M., Hommel, U., Dufey, G., Rudoff, M., 2005). Moreover, these models offer bank s a mechanism for evaluating credit risk, contributing to banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ credit risk management (Basel, Apr 1999). This paper will examine types of credit risk models according to the classification of Smithson (2003) as these models are commonly used and possibly well- known. Structural Models As Smithson (2003) stated that structural models originated from in the Merton model which analyses the volatility between assets and liabilities. In 1974, Merton suggested a model evaluating a company in default if its assetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value is below that of its liabilities (Jackson, Nickell and Perraudin, 1999). In other words, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ the probability of a firm going bankrupt depends crucially on the beginning period market of that firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets relative to its outside debt, as well as the volatility of the market value of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Altman and Saunders, 1998, p5). Among structural models, there are tw o models used commonly by financial institutions including: Moodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s KMV Portfolio Manager and JP Morganà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CreditMetrics (Smithson, 2003). KMV Portfolio Manager considers the value of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s asset as the stochastic variable while the Expected Default Frequency (EDFs) of each individual borrower that this model employs collected from Moodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s KMV Credit Monitor or KMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Private Firm Model; then, basing on historical data, this model produces loss distribution (Smithson, 2003). Figure 3.1: Sources of Probability of Default for Portfolio Manager KMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Credit Monitor KMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Portfolio Manger KMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Private Firm Model EDFS EDFs Source: Smithson, 2003. Another model based on the Merton approach is JP Morganà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s CreditMetrics which is a system for analysing credit risk in portfolios. According to JP Morgan (1997), this model use Monte Carlo simulation to measure VAR to estimate a portfolio loss. The measurement mechanism of CreditMetrics is showed at Figure 3.2. The probability of rating migration is determined by a transition matrix. Both CredtiMetrics and Portfolio Manager assume that firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s asset returns are produced by a set of common risk factors with factors related to the features of firms, industries and countries (Jackson, Nickell and Perraudin, 1999) Figure 3.2: CreditMetrics framework source: JP Morgan, 1997. Macrofactor Models According to Jackson, Nickell and Perraudin (1999), CreditPortfolioView is the most commonly used of macrofactor models, measuring only default risk and taking into account the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and default probabilities by using Monte Carlo simulation to assess default probabilities. Moreover, the time series of default rates per sector are the most crucial data input in using Mente Carlo simulation macroeconomics climates (Kern and Rudolph, 2001). This argument is illustrated in table 3.1. Table 3.1: CreditPortfolioView-data input source: Kern and Rudolph, 2001 Actuarial Models According to Smithson (2003), actuarial models indentify default rates and loss events and among this kind of model, Credit Risk+, proposed by Credit Suisse First Boston, is perhaps best known. In Credit Risk+, only credit risk from defaults is analysed and default rates are considered to be stochastic, not constant over time but possible fluctuate over the credit cycle. The data input of Credit Risk+ include default rates per country- industry segment and those for the individual credit exposures (Kern and Rudolph, 2001). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Recovery rates are taken as constants or alternatively only exposures net of collateral are used for the calculation of losses. Then à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for a big portfolio of homogenous and independent loans with the same exposure and the same default rates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the probability that exactly defaults will happen in the portfolio approximately follows the Poisson distributionà ¢ â‚ ¬? (Kern and Rudolph, 2001, p10). The measurement framework of Credit Risk+ is demonstrated in the Figure 3.3. Figure 3.3: Credit Risk+ framework source: Credit Suisse, 1997 3.4 CREDIT RISK MITIGATION TECHNIQUES In the credit risk management framework, credit risk mitigation techniques play a crucial role, applied throughout the risk management with the aim of avoiding and minimising losses. Along with the development of financial instruments, there are a handful of such techniques that are applied dependent on the size, business strategies of banks or national characteristics (Basel, Jan 2000a). This section will examine commonly- used credit risk mitigation approaches such as: collateral, credit limits, netting agreements and credit derivatives. Collateral It may be one of the most popular and basis methods of banks and financial institutions for reducing credit risk. When appearing the event of default, the ownership of properties of borrowers used as collateral in lending agreements will be given to banks; thanks to this, losses are offset partly through the sale of properties (OCC, 2001). However, as Horcher (2005) argued, in the circumstance of devalued collateral assets, counterparties would be required to provide additional collateral. Credit limits According to Horche (2005), credit limits are a useful mitigation approach in minimising exposure to sectors, regions or sovereign governments by granting maximum contract size or maximum term limit to these categories. As the result, banks need to have deep knowledge and understanding about their customers in order to increase the effectiveness of this method. Netting agreements Netting agreements are used to net exchanged amounts between two counterparties. This method, specially applied commonly for interbank transactions when banks are borrowers and lenders of each other, reduces interbank credit exposure by shifting credit risk to bank creditors who do not claim in the netting agreements (Emmons, 1995). Credit derivatives As Horcher (2005) defined, Credit derivatives are contractual agreements based on credit perfo rmance related to predetermined events such as default, insolvency or bankruptcy and non fulfilment of loan obligations. This approach is used through the transfer agreed loanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit risk from the protection purchaser- the creditor bank to the protection seller, as a result they have the ability to support participants to offset risk arising from their core businesses (Horcher, 2005).

The Color Purple By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1115 Words

The Color Purple, was released in 1985 and was set in the early until middle of the 1900s, it was one of the first featured movies to openly discuss the topic of domestic violence as a main part of the film. This has been very significant because it sets a standard of normalizing domestic violence in the characters lives, which Walker was able to show and develop through Celie and how she mistreatment in the hands of her stepfather and husband. In addition, a powerful message about how people who have been oppressed can unite together to overcome their oppressors. By the character finding out who she is and taking value in what she can become, this movie shows a feminist power. While Celie was searching for truth, she comes to realize that the patriarchal culture she went through in the South is abusive to all women. She learns that women can be equal to men in in matters of love and finance, power, and in knowledge, when she met Shug and they escape from Albert. Near the end of the movie, when Celie returns to Georgia, she isn’t submissive and weak anymore; On the contrary, she has become a competent, self-confident woman who knows she can be satisfied without depending on anybody else but herself. Newly married son Harpo is getting advice from Mister, and Mister says, â€Å"How you ’spect her to mind? Wives is like children. You have to let them know who has the upper hand. There’s nothin’ can do it better than a good sound beatin’. Sophia thinks too much of herself. Needs toShow MoreRelatedColor Imagery in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby658 Words   |  3 Pagespaints a picture, they use vibrant greens and reds and contrast with dull blues and purples. In literature, the same technique can be used. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s work, The Great Gatsby, he gives greater meaning to his characters and their experiences by using color imagery. 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It is stated by the narrator, It was after we started with Gatsby toward the house that the gardener saw Wilson s body a little way off in the grass, and the holocaust was complete† (Fitzgerald 162). This is one of manyRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 Pages Billy Budd Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) â€Å"art for art’s sake† Horror story Science fiction Detective story Psychologically thrilling tale Poems Literary criticism The Realism and Naturalism 1865—1914 REALISM The Local Color Movement (1865-1880) Local Color Mark Twain (1835-1910) Innocents Abroad (1869) The Gilded Age (1873) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) The Prince and the Pauper (1882) Life on the Mississippi (1883) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) A Connecticut YankeeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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The Crucible Hunger For Power And Respect During The Trials

The phrase â€Å"Salem Witch Trials† conjures images of death, misguided power, and superstition. By the end of the trials, the death toll included: nineteen people hanged, one pressed to death, and seven dead in prison, not to mention the havoc wrought on the lives of hundreds of citizens of Salem. The Crucible embodies the theme of hunger for power and respect during the trials. Throughout history, most cultures have favored the power of men over women. This proves no exception in 17th century Salem. The deprivation of any power from women and girls in Salem in the 1600s made gaining authority and respect from men a primary goal. Women, seen as minorities, cared for the children and completed household chores without help. Prevailing culture groomed young girls into submissiveness and a strict code of conduct. In The Crucible, craving a higher status resulted in mass hysteria and the constant accusations of various supposed witches. By accusing others of witchcraft, the girls in this story felt a sense of control that they never experienced before. Once the girls saw how their actions shocked and frightened the community, they immediately lusted for more. Girls found the sense of power absolutely addicting. Several of the women and girls in The Crucible exhibit these actions, prominently Abigail Williams. The Crucible is a tale taking place in 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts. In the story, Reverend Parris witnesses a group of girls performing a mysterious ritual inShow MoreRelatedCeramics: Pottery and Clay17443 Words   |  70 Pagesreduction and oxidation were used to reduce iron to Black iron. This work was extremely refined and detailed - very smooth surfaces with fine lines painted with single haired brushes were common. Much of this work is found in Italy when it was imported during the Roman Empire. Greek Hydra: 533 B.C. Earthenware with slip decoration. Greek Kylex: 520 B.C. Earthenware with slip decoration Africa The African continent has a complicated history that is probably the least understood ofRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPerception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change

Digital Marketing Measure a Specific Brand Promotion

Question: Describe about the Digital Marketing for Measure a Specific Brand Promotion. Answer: Introduction This study has been aimed to measure a specific brand promotion of a product. In this occasion, this study has described the several digital marketing strategies, which would evaluate and estimate the present websites as well as the social media performance used by the brands. In addition, whether digital marketing strategies make the brand successful or not has been highlighted. This study has been discussed about the Kaplan Business School website and Swinburne University of technology and its social media platform. Discuss the strategies of the digital marketing. Analysing, and evaluating the current website and social media platforms used by the brand According to Ryan (2014), digital marketing strategies have been constructed based on the mission and objectives of the organisation. In this context, it can be stated that the business first needs to determine the marketing mission of the business. The organisation also requires to consider the past mistakes in case of the brand promotion. Based on the promotion and launching of new brand, the organisation needs to estimate the digital marketing budget for this purpose. In this study, the launching of brand such as Kaplan business school website and Swinburne university of technology have been analysed. In this respect, the Kaplan university has been taken the help of the current websites or the social media network in order to promote of the new brands or technology. Social media help to identify the rate of distribution from the consumer or from the followers. In addition, this also reflects or influences to the target consumers. In the words of Almeida (2014), the key metrics of the social media, websites and sales value would be helpful to determine the return on investment. Discussion regarding the brand successful with the digital marketing strategies Digital marketing is assumed to be helpful to in order to promote the new brand. As a result, the consumers came to know about the features and the brand loyalty of the newly launching product. Taken Smith (2012) supported that the students of Kaplan business school can also identify the necessary factors, which will be make their career successful. On the other hand, digital marketing strategies are also beneficial as with the help of this the students can recognise their innovation, business design, science and technology. Identification of a particular brand from the similar industry, which has been successfully enhance the brand awareness Tiago and Verissimo (2014) stated that Kaplan tried to help to the students to conquer their educational along with the career goal in each of the year. Therefore, this is identified as the Australias leading contributor international business qualifications. They are also able to combine the real global experience along with the technological out coming. On the other hand, Swinburne global technology is able to attract the mind of the international class and allow to participate in the global projects as well as in global partnerships. Analyse whether the successful brand is actual brand doing differently from the original brand Both these mentioned brand universities do not work differently from the actual brand. They give extra focused to the education infrastructure. Discipline also reflects the greater future growth of the students. The study environment in these two universities is quite higher compared to the others. Final report regarding the utilisation of the digital marketing strategies by the brand Kaplan University aimed to maximise the exposure of the student career and also focused that each of their student can get a job. On the other hand, in this context, they develop their infrastructure and education level that the students can do the employment opportunities or can do internship. Again, Swinburne University secured 301-400 in ranking among the overall world universities. The specialisation of this university is in English literature, diploma courses etc as mentioned by (Ryan 2014). Conclusion This study has been constructed on the concept of digital marketing strategies. Digital marketing strategies are helpful to evaluate and analyse the promotion of the new brand. Moreover, these strategies are also beneficial to identify the brand awareness of the products. References Almeida, D.I.L.D., 2014.Digital marketing strategies(Doctoral dissertation). Ryan, D., 2014.Understanding digital marketing: marketing strategies for engaging the digital generation. Kogan Page Publishers. Taken Smith, K., 2012. Longitudinal study of digital marketing strategies targeting Millennials.Journal of Consumer Marketing,29(2), pp.86-92. Tiago, M.T.P.M.B. and Verissimo, J.M.C., 2014. Digital marketing and social media: Why bother?.Business Horizons,57(6), pp.703-708.

Sony Mobile Communications Essay Sample free essay sample

Sony Mobile Communications AB ( once Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB ) is a transnational Mobile phone fabricating company headquartered in London. United Kingdom and a entirely owned subordinate of Sony Corporation. It was founded on October 1. 2001 as a joint venture between Sony and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson. Sony acquired Ericsson’s portion in the venture on February 16. 2012. Sony Mobile Communications has research and development installations in Lund. Sweden ; Tokyo. Japan Beijing. China and Silicon Valley. United States. In 2009. it was the fourth-largest nomadic phone maker in the universe. By 2010. its market portion had fallen to sixth topographic point. Beginnings In the United States. Ericsson partnered with General Electric in the early 1890ss. chiefly to set up a US presence and trade name acknowledgment. Ericsson had decided to obtain french friess for its phones from a individual beginning a Philips installation in New Mexico. In March 2000. a fire at the Philips mill contaminated the unfertile installation. We will write a custom essay sample on Sony Mobile Communications Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Philips assured Ericsson and Nokia ( their other major client ) that production would be delayed for no more than a hebdomad. When it became clear that production would really be compromised for months. Ericsson was faced with a serious deficit. Nokia had already begun to obtain parts from alternate beginnings. but Ericsson’s place was much worse as production of current theoretical accounts and the launch of new 1s was held up. Ericsson. which had been in the nomadic phone market for decennaries. and was the world’s 3rd largest cellular telephone French telephone shaper. was fighting with immense losingss. This was chiefly due to this fire and its inability to bring forth cheaper phones like Nokia. To restrict the losingss. it considered outsourcing production to Asiatic companies that could bring forth the French telephones for lower cost Speculation began about a possible sale by Ericsson of its Mobile phone division. but the company’s president said it had no programs to make so. â€Å"Mobile phones are truly a nucleus concern for Ericsson. We wouldn’t be as successful ( in webs ) if we didn’t have phones† . he said. Sony was a fringy participant in the worldwide mobile phone market with a portion of less than 1 per centum in 2000. By August 2001. the two companies had finalised the footings of the amalgamation announced in April. The company was to hold an initial work force of 3. 500 employees. Operationss OperationsIn 2009 Sony Ericsson announced that it was traveling its North American central office from Research Triangle Park. North Carolina to Atlanta. The central offices move was portion of a program to cut down its work force. so 10. 000 employees. by 20 % . As of that twelvemonth Sony Ericsson had 425 employees in Research Triangle Park ; the staff had been reduced by 100s due to layoffs. Stacy Doster. a interpreter of Sony Ericsson. said that the propinquity to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport’s flights to Latin America and the operations of AT A ; T Mobility influenced the determination to travel the USA central office. Sony Ericsson will shut the Research Triangle site. MerchandisesCurrent * The BRAVIA-branded line of phones. launched 2007 in the Nipponese market merely. Until now. five BRAVIA branded phones have been produced. Sony Ericsson ( FOMA SO903iTV. FOMA SO906i. U1. S004. and S00 ) uses the BRAVIA trade name. BRAVIA branded phone are able to demo 1seg tellurian telecasting. * The XPERIA scope of nomadic phones. heralded by the Sony Ericsson XPERIA X1 in February 2008 at the Mobile World Congress ( once 3GSM ) held in Barcelona Spain. was the first hallmark promoted by Sony Ericsson as its ain and is designated to supply technological convergence among its mark user base. The first theoretical account. X1. carried the Windows Mobile runing system with a Sony Ericsson’s panel interface. The Xperia X10 theoretical account features the Android operating system. Additionally. Yahoo! News reported that Sony would aline with Google to run Android on its approaching smartphone. Former * The Walkman-branded W series music phones. launched in 2005. The Sony Ericsson W-series music phones are noteworthy for being the first music-centric series Mobile phones. motivating a new market section for portable music that was developing at the clip. The chief characteristic that can be seen in all of these Walkman phones is they all have a ‘W’ button. which when pressed opens the media Centre. Sony Ericsson’s Walkman phones have once been commercially endorsed by dad stars Christina Aguilera and Jason Kay across Europe. Walkman branded phones are besides produced for the Nipponese market. * The Cyber-shot-branded line of phones. launched in 2006 in newer theoretical accounts of the K series phones. This scope of phones are focused on the quality of the camera included with the phone. Cyber-shot phones ever include a flash. some with a xenon flash. and besides include auto-focus cameras. Sony Ericsson kicked off its planetary selling run for Cyber-shot phone with the launch of ‘Never Miss a Shot’ . The run featured top female tennis participants Ana Ivanovic and Daniela Hantuchova . On February 10. 2008. the series has been expanded with the proclamation of C702. C902 and C905 phones. Cyber-shot branded phones are besides produced for the Nipponese market. * The UIQ smartphone scope of Mobiles. introduced with the P series in 2003 with the debut of P800. They are noteworthy for their touch screens. QWERTY computer keyboards ( on most theoretical accounts ) . and usage of the UIQ interface platform for Symbian OS. This scope has since expanded into the M se ries and G series phones. * The GreenHeart scope of nomadic phones. foremost introduced in 2009. heralded by the Sony Ericsson J105i Naite and C901 GreenHeart. It is focused on an environmentally friendly subject. but still featured with recent nomadic engineering and multimedia capableness. It chiefly uses eco-friendly stuffs and characteristics eco-apps. Gross saless and market portionCalendar year| Unit gross revenues ( 1000000s ) |2004| 42|2005| 50|2006| 74. 8|2007| 103. 4|2008| 96. 6|2009| 57. 1|2010| 43. 1|2011| 34. 4| Operating income ? 206 million ( 2011 )Net income – 247 million ( 2011 ) SellingSocial mediaDuring 2010. in 11 months. Sony Ericsson’s Facebook fan count rose from 300. 000 to 3. 9 million to go the 40th-largest trade name on the societal networking site. The company aims to capitalize on this fanbase and increase battle by profiling these fans and fiting them to give content. It will besides analyze the top commenters on the Facebook page and guarantee battle through particular content and offering these fans the opportunity to see Sony Ericsson offices. Sports sponsorship As of 2011. Sony Ericsson sponsors the UEFA Champions League and the Sony Ericsson Open tennis tourney in Miami. Harmonizing to the caput of planetary selling partnerships Stephan Croix. â€Å"our athletics sponsorships allow us to advance our phones in a subtle and reliable manner to our fanbase. Our promise to fans is to enrich their experience during the game but besides earlier and after. † Environmental recordSony Ericsson ranks 6th out of 15 taking electronics shapers in Greenpeace’s Guide to Greener Electronics that assesses companies’ policies on clime and energy. sustainability and how green their merchandises are. The company scores 4. 2/10 and is one of the top scorers in the Products class. deriving maximal points for the energy efficiency of its phones and making good for its turning away of risky substances in its merchandises. In June 2009. Sony Ericsson launched its first GreenHeart series device. the C901. which indirectly emits 15 % less CO2 during its fiction and use. compared to other SE phones. It is besides packed in a little box without paper manual. includes an eco-charger. and its screen is made of recycled plastic.